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Σ (capital sigma) for a sum, or σ (lowercase sigma) in statistics for the standard deviation.ε (with δ as a second choice) for an arbitrarily small positive number.z for a complex number, or in statistics a normal random variable.x, y, z for the three Cartesian coordinates of a point in Euclidean geometry or the corresponding axes.r for a radius, a remainder or a correlation coefficient.n (with m as a second choice) for a fixed integer, such as a count of objects or the degree of an equation.l also for a line, or in number theory for a prime number not equal to p.l and w for the length and width of a figure.
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i, j, k (sometimes l or h) for varying integers or indices in an indexed family, or unit vectors.įor example, a general quadratic function is conventionally written as a x 2 + b x + c ) In printed mathematics, the norm is to set variables and constants in an italic typeface. Following René Descartes (1596–1650), letters at the beginning of the alphabet such as ( a, b, c) are commonly used for known values and parameters, and letters at the end of the alphabet such as ( x, y, z) are commonly used for unknowns and variables of functions. Under the influence of computer science, some variable names in pure mathematics consist of several letters and digits. The letter may be followed by a subscript: a number (as in x 2), another variable ( x i), a word or abbreviation of a word ( x total) or a mathematical expression ( x 2 i + 1). Variables are generally denoted by a single letter, most often from the Latin alphabet and less often from the Greek, which may be lowercase or capitalized. 2.1 Dependent and independent variables.Ideally, this variable does not affect your outcome. You note in your lab book that different colors of papers were used. You may consider the color of the paper to be an extraneous variable. Every experiment has extraneous variables.Įxample: You are conducting an experiment to see which paper airplane design flies longest. Examples of extraneous variables include accidents, factors you either can't control or can't measure, and factors you consider unimportant. If you are aware of any extraneous variables, you should enter them in your lab notebook. Ideally, these variables won't impact the final conclusion drawn by the experiment, but they may introduce error into scientific results. Extraneous Variables: Extraneous variables are "extra" variables that may influence the outcome of an experiment but aren't taken into account during measurement.Controlled Variable: A controlled variable or constant variable is a variable that does not change during an experiment.Įxample: In the experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, controlled variable could include the source of water used in the experiment, the size and type of containers used to mix chemicals, and the amount of mixing time allowed for each solution.The dependent variable gets its name because it is the factor that is dependent on the state of the independent variable.Įxample: In the experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, solubility would be the dependent variable. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the variable that you measure or observe.Independent Variable: The independent variable is the one condition that you change in an experiment.Įxample: In an experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, the independent variable is temperature.